European cities are on alert: if the negative impacts of mass tourism on residents are not addressed, there is a risk of widespread protests, a UNESCO official warns.
“The situation is becoming increasingly tense,” said Peter Debrine, Senior Project Officer for Sustainable Tourism at UNESCO. “Public pressure for change is crucial because these are elected officials who are accountable for the needs of their citizens.”
Debrine pointed to Venice, Italy, as a cautionary tale. Protests erupted over environmental and structural damage caused by massive cruise ships sailing through the Grand Canal. The city eventually banned large cruise ships in 2021.
A step in the right direction, but not enough
While cruise ships are now docking further away, the influx of tourists remains. Venice is expected to see a 9% increase in cruise passengers this year compared to 2023. Additionally, a new €5 tourist tax on peak days has shown limited effect in curbing crowds.
Barcelona faces a similar struggle. A 2023 city survey found a declining number of residents who believe tourism benefits the city. “Barcelona has undoubtedly reached a turning point,” Debrine says, “but solutions exist.”
Prioritize quality over quantity
Debrine stresses the need to find a balance between the interests of locals and visitors. Cities burdened by mass tourism can shift their focus to “high value, low volume” tourism, attracting travelers who spend more and contribute positively to the local economy.
This strategy gained momentum during the pandemic, as destinations prioritized safety and staffing while quietly encouraging a shift toward luxury tourism.
Beyond the Numbers: Addressing Tourist Behavior
For residents, the problem goes beyond numbers. Unruly tourist behavior (drinking too much, littering, and public disorder) is a major concern.
Debrine highlights Amsterdam’s efforts to address this issue. The city launched a campaign in 2023 specifically targeting disruptive tourists, especially young British men, urging them to reconsider their travel goals if their primary motive is to party.
Civil Society and Traveler’s Responsibility
Civil society groups in Barcelona are advocating “tourism degrowth” measures, such as higher tourism taxes, restrictions on cruise ships and limitations on short-term rentals.
Travelers also have a role to play, Debrine says. He proposes the concept of “mirror cities,” lesser-known destinations with similar cultural and landscape offerings. He cites Tarragona, south of Barcelona, as an example: “A beautiful city with rich cultural attractions and a breathtaking coastline, waiting to be explored by responsible travelers.”
By prioritizing the well-being of residents, promoting responsible travel, and exploring alternative destinations, European cities can ensure a more sustainable and enjoyable experience for both locals and visitors.
